Guide to Layovers in Flights

Like most travelers, my flying adventures have included more layovers than stopovers, but what’s the difference?

Understanding what a layover means, whether flights with layovers are inherently bad, and how they differ from stopovers, stops, and open-jaw flights can significantly enhance your travel planning. So, let’s dive into the world of layovers and uncover how these flight connections can impact your journey and maximize your travel experience.

This comprehensive guide to layovers, stopovers, stops, open-jaw flights, and other travel gaps will help you become well-versed in flight connections and better prepared to make the most of them.

What is a layover in a flight?

A layover in flight travel refers to a scheduled stop at an intermediate airport between the departure point and the final destination.

During this stop, passengers typically remain within the airport’s transit area while waiting to board their connecting flight.

Layovers can vary in duration but generally last from 35 minutes to less than 24 hours. They are an integral part of connecting flights, allowing airlines to route passengers through hub airports efficient.

What is the minimum layover duration?

I reviewed the US Department of Transportation Rules for airlines regarding flight delays and it apears that there is no set minimum period that airlines are required to adhere to when it comes to layover duration.

During my research on layover durations, I frequently came across references to a minimum layover period of 35 minutes, as cited by Lima in USA Today, and up to 45 minutes, according to an article on Refundor.com and onebagger.com, for connecting flights.

However, even shorter layover times are sometimes scheduled.

For instance, Dan Miller of NerdWallet recounts his experience with a notably brief 31-minute layover on an American Airlines flight from Cincinnati/Northern Kentucky International Airport (CVG) to Boston Logan International Airport (BOS). This highlights the variability and sometimes extremely tight scheduling in layover durations.

To be on the safe side, consider most domestic flight layovers to be around 1 hour and most international flights being at least 2 hours.

The common minimum layover period for international flights can vary depending on the airport, the airlines involved, and whether the connection is within the same terminal or requires a terminal change. However, a general guideline for minimum layover times for international flights is as follows:

1. Same Terminal Connection:
   • Minimum Layover Time: 60-90 minutes
   • Rationale: This allows time for passengers to deplane, pass through any necessary security checks, and reach the next gate.
2. Different Terminal Connection:
   • Minimum Layover Time: 2-3 hours
   • Rationale: This accounts for the additional time required to travel between terminals, possibly pass through immigration and customs, and clear security again.

Key Factors Affecting Minimum Layover Periods:

• Airport Size and Layout: Larger airports with multiple terminals may require longer layover times.
• Security and Customs Checks: International connections often involve passing through immigration and customs, which can be time-consuming.
• Airline Alliances: Flights operated by partner airlines within the same alliance may have more streamlined transfer processes.
• Personal Factors: Passengers with limited mobility or traveling with young children may need additional time.

What is the maximum layover duration?

The maximum layover duration generally stands at less than 24 hours for international flights to avoid being classified as a stopover. For domestic flights, layovers are usually shorter, often not exceeding 4-6 hours. Always check with the specific airline and consider the context of your travel itinerary when planning layovers.

Are flights with layovers bad?

Flights with layovers are not inherently bad; in fact, they offer several advantages that can enhance your travel experience. Here are some key points to consider:

Cost Savings

Lower Airfares: Flights with layovers are often cheaper than direct flights. This can make air travel more affordable, especially for budget-conscious travelers.

Flexible Pricing Options: Layovers provide a wider range of pricing options, allowing travelers to find flights that fit their budget and schedule preferences.

Increased Flight Options

More Destinations: Layovers increase the number of possible destinations and connections, offering greater flexibility in travel plans.

Convenient Scheduling: With more frequent connections, travelers have better chances of finding flights that match their desired departure and arrival times.

Opportunities for Exploration

Tourism: Longer layovers can allow passengers to leave the airport and explore a new city, adding an extra destination to their trip without additional airfare costs.

Cultural Experiences: Layovers provide opportunities to experience new cultures, cuisine, and attractions during extended stops.

Rest and Recovery

Break in Long Flights: Layovers provide a break during long-haul flights, allowing passengers to rest, stretch, and recover from travel fatigue and jet lag.

Airport Amenities: Many airports offer amenities such as lounges, spas, and sleeping pods, allowing passengers to relax and recharge during their layover.

Operational Efficiency

Optimized Routes: Airlines use layovers to optimize flight routes and schedules, ensuring better use of aircraft and resources.

Improved Connectivity: Layovers help airlines connect more cities and regions, enhancing the overall network and providing more travel options.

Potential Challenges

While layovers offer many benefits, there are some challenges to be aware of:

Tight Connection Times: Short layovers can be stressful, especially if there are delays or long distances between gates.

Risk of Missed Connections: Delays on the initial flight can result in missed connections, requiring rebooking and potentially longer travel times.

Benefits of Layovers to Airlines:

1. Operational Efficiency:
   • Hub-and-Spoke Model: Layovers enable airlines to centralize operations at hub airports, optimizing fleet use and scheduling.
   • Maximized Aircraft Utilization: By routing flights through hubs, airlines can reduce idle time and enhance profitability through better fleet management.
2. Cost Savings:
   • Reduced Fuel Costs: Layovers help airlines optimize routes, potentially lowering fuel consumption by avoiding direct, longer routes.
   • Economies of Scale: Consolidating flights at hub airports allows airlines to benefit from operational efficiencies and reduced costs in staffing, maintenance, and airport fees.
3. Increased Flight Options:
   • Flexible Scheduling: Layovers allow airlines to offer more flexible and frequent flight options, improving connectivity between destinations.
   • Improved Load Factors: By consolidating passengers from various origins to multiple destinations through a hub, airlines can increase load factors, filling more seats on each flight.
4. Network Expansion:
   • Route Viability: Layovers make it feasible to operate routes that may not have enough demand for direct flights, thus expanding the airline’s network and market reach.

These benefits illustrate why layovers are strategically important for airlines and how they can enhance the travel experience for passengers. Understanding these advantages can help travelers make informed decisions and optimize their travel itineraries.

What is an Open-jaw Flight

An open-jaw flight is a type of airline ticketing where a passenger flies into one city and departs from another city, or flies out from one city and returns to a different city.

This type of itinerary is beneficial for travelers who plan to visit multiple destinations without backtracking. Here’s a comprehensive guide to understanding and booking open-jaw flights.

Types of Open-Jaw Flights

1. Destination Open-Jaw:
   • Definition: The passenger flies from City A to City B, but returns from City C to City A.
   • Example: Fly from New York (JFK) to Paris (CDG), travel by train to Rome (FCO), and then fly from Rome back to New York.
2. Origin Open-Jaw:
   • Definition: The passenger flies from City A to City B, but returns from City B to City C.
   • Example: Fly from New York (JFK) to Paris (CDG), but return from Paris to Boston (BOS).
3. Double Open-Jaw:
   • Definition: The passenger flies from City A to City B, and then from City C to City D.
   • Example: Fly from New York (JFK) to Paris (CDG), travel to Rome (FCO), and then fly from Rome to Boston (BOS).

Advantages of Open-Jaw Flights

1. Flexibility: Allows travelers to explore multiple destinations without the need to return to the initial arrival city, saving time and potentially reducing travel fatigue.
2. Cost Savings: Sometimes open-jaw flights can be cheaper than booking separate one-way tickets, especially when combined with ground or regional travel.
3. Convenience: Reduces unnecessary travel back to the original city, making it easier to plan more efficient travel itineraries.
4. Frequent Flyer Miles: Can help in maximizing the use of frequent flyer miles by allowing multiple destinations within a single trip.

What does stopover mean in a flight?

A stopover is an extended break in your journey, lasting more than 24 hours, at an intermediate point between your departure and destination airports. Stopovers offer unique opportunities to explore additional destinations, often at little or no extra cost. This guide will help you understand what stopovers are, how to plan them, and their benefits and considerations.

Definition of a Stopover

• Duration: A stopover typically lasts more than 24 hours, distinguishing it from a layover, which is shorter.
• Purpose: Stopovers allow travelers to spend time in an additional city, often providing a mini-vacation or exploration opportunity during their journey.

Below is a Snapshot from Google flights showing a flight with 28 hrs stopover in Auckland Airport.

Below is a snapshot of a return flight with a stopover lasting 28 hrs and 15 mins when flying to JFK from SYD and a layover lasting 23 hours and 30 mins when flying back from JFK to SYD:

Benefits of Stopovers

1. Exploration and Adventure:
   • Visit New Destinations: Stopovers allow you to explore a new city or country that you might not visit otherwise.
   • Cultural Experiences: Engage with local cultures, cuisine, and attractions, enriching your overall travel experience.
2. Cost-Effective Travel:
   • Little or No Extra Cost: Many airlines offer stopovers at little or no additional airfare cost, making it an economical way to see more destinations.
   • Promotional Stopovers: Some airlines and tourism boards offer special stopover programs with discounts on hotels and tours.
3. Travel Flexibility:
   • Break Up Long Journeys: Stopovers can provide a pleasant break in long-haul flights, reducing travel fatigue and jet lag.
   • Customized Itineraries: Allows for flexible travel plans tailored to personal interests and schedules.

How to Plan a Stopover

1. Choosing Your Airline and Destination:
   • Airlines with Stopover Programs: Research airlines that offer stopover programs. Airlines like Emirates, Icelandair, Finnair, and Qatar Airways are known for generous stopover policies.
   • Popular Stopover Cities: Identify cities that are natural stopover points on your route, such as Dubai, Reykjavik, Helsinki, and Doha.
2. Booking Your Stopover:
   • Multi-City Booking: Use the multi-city booking option on airline websites or travel agencies to include a stopover in your itinerary.
   • Contact Customer Service: If the stopover options aren’t clear online, contact the airline’s customer service for assistance in booking.
3. Planning Your Stay:
   • Accommodation: Book hotels or other accommodations in the stopover city. Some airlines offer discounts or free hotel stays as part of their stopover programs.
   • Activities and Tours: Plan activities, tours, and excursions to make the most of your stopover. Look for deals and packages that might be available through the airline or local tourism boards.

Considerations for Stopovers

1. Visa Requirements:
   • Check Visa Policies: Ensure you understand the visa requirements for the stopover country. Some countries offer special transit visas or visa-free entry for stopovers.
2. Luggage Handling:
   • Baggage Policies: Verify the airline’s baggage policies during stopovers. You may need to collect and recheck your luggage if the stopover is long.
3. Travel Insurance:
   • Coverage: Make sure your travel insurance covers the additional destination. Adjust your policy if needed to include the stopover city.
4. Time Management:
   • Duration: Plan the duration of your stopover to fit your overall travel schedule. Consider how much time you need to rest, explore, and prepare for your next flight.

Examples of Stopover Programs

1. Emirates:
   • Stopover in Dubai: Emirates offers stopovers in Dubai with options for discounted hotel stays, city tours, and other activities.
2. Icelandair:
   • Stopover in Reykjavik: Icelandair allows passengers to stay in Reykjavik for up to seven days at no additional airfare cost, promoting Iceland’s unique attractions.
3. Qatar Airways:
   • Stopover in Doha: Qatar Airways offers stopover packages including hotel stays and city tours, encouraging passengers to explore Doha.
4. Singapore Airlines:
   • Stopover in Singapore: Singapore Airlines provides stopover options with discounted hotel rates and attraction passes to explore the city.

Layover vs Stopover

A layover refers to a short interval between flights at an intermediate airport, typically lasting a few hours, during which passengers remain airside and do not leave the airport.

Layovers are common in air travel for connecting flights and do not usually extend beyond 24 hours. In contrast, a stopover is a longer pause in a journey at an intermediate point, often exceeding 24 hours, allowing passengers to leave the airport and explore the surrounding area. Stopovers are usually planned and can be a part of the travel itinerary, providing an opportunity for sightseeing or business outside the airport.

Here is an expert comparison table to distinguish between layovers and stopovers:

Feature	Layover	Stopover
Duration	Typically less than 24 hours, often just a few hours.	Exceeds 24 hours, can last several days.
Location	Passengers stay within the airport’s transit area.	Passengers can leave the airport.
Purpose	To facilitate the connection between two consecutive flights.	To allow passengers to visit a city or conduct business outside the airport.
Airline Handling	Airlines manage baggage transfers; passengers usually do not access their checked luggage.	Passengers may retrieve and re-check baggage if required; more complex logistics.
Ticketing	Generally included in a single ticket with no extra charges for the layover.	May involve additional costs or special fares, depending on the airline’s policy.
Visa Requirements	Often not required, unless a change of airport or exit from the transit area is involved.	Depending on the country, a transit or tourist visa may be required to leave the airport.

This comparison highlights the practical differences that affect planning, ticketing, and the overall travel experience for passengers.

Comparison of Layovers, Stops, Stopovers, and Open-Jaw Flights

When planning air travel, understanding the differences between layovers, stops, stopovers, and open-jaw flights can help you optimize your itinerary based on your travel goals, budget, and time constraints. Each type of flight segment has distinct characteristics, suitability, advantages, and disadvantages.

Layovers are brief stops between connecting flights, lasting from 35 minutes to less than 24 hours. They are suitable for passengers needing to connect to another flight without leaving the airport. Layovers can be convenient for reaching distant destinations but may involve tight schedules and minimal time to relax. The primary advantage is the potential cost savings compared to direct flights, while the main disadvantage is the risk of missed connections due to short transfer times.

Stops refer to scheduled pauses during a flight where the plane lands but passengers generally do not disembark. Stops are often used for refueling or picking up additional passengers. They are suitable for long-haul flights and typically do not impact ticket pricing significantly. The main advantage is the continuity of the journey without changing planes, but the downside is the potential inconvenience of additional time on the ground.

Stopovers are extended stays at an intermediate point, lasting 24 hours or more. They are ideal for travelers wanting to explore multiple destinations on one trip. Stopovers can be planned to allow sightseeing and experiencing new cities, often at no additional airfare cost. The advantage is the ability to visit additional locations without booking separate flights, but the disadvantage is the need for extra planning and possibly additional accommodation costs.

Open-Jaw Flights involve flying into one city and out of another, allowing travelers to cover more ground without backtracking. They are suitable for multi-destination itineraries, such as European tours or road trips across different regions. The main advantage is the flexibility to travel more extensively and efficiently, while the disadvantage can be the complexity of booking and potentially higher costs if not carefully planned.

Expert Comparison Table

Aspect	Layover	Stop	Stopover	Open-Jaw Flight
Definition	Short connection (<24 hours)	Intermediate landing, no disembarkation	Extended stay (>24 hours)	Different arrival and departure cities
Duration	35 minutes to less than 24 hours	Usually brief, under 2 hours	24 hours or more	Varies, based on itinerary
Suitability	Connecting flights	Long-haul flights with refueling	Exploring multiple destinations	Multi-destination travel
Pros	Cost-effective, minimal disruption	Continuous journey, no plane change	Experience additional cities	Flexibility, efficient travel
Cons	Risk of missed connections	Added ground time	Additional planning, potential costs	Complexity, potentially higher fares
Typical Use	Domestic and international flights	Long-haul flights	International travel, multi-city tours	Tours, extended travel itineraries

Suitability and Examples

• Layovers: Suitable for travelers needing to reach a distant destination with connections. Example: Flying from New York to Sydney with a 3-hour layover in Los Angeles.
• Stops: Suitable for long-haul flights where refueling or picking up passengers is necessary. Example: A flight from New York to Johannesburg with a refueling stop in Dakar.
• Stopovers: Suitable for travelers looking to explore more destinations on one trip. Example: Flying from New York to Bangkok with a 3-day stopover in Tokyo.
• Open-Jaw Flights: Suitable for itineraries covering different regions or cities without backtracking. Example: Flying from New York to London, traveling by train to Paris, and flying back to New York from Paris.

Classification of Layovers Based on Duration Periods

Layovers can be classified into several categories based on their duration. Understanding these classifications helps travelers plan their trips more effectively and manage their time at the airport.

1. Short Layovers (30 Minutes to 1 Hour)

Definition: Layovers that last between 30 minutes and 1 hour. Characteristics:

• Fast Connections: Require quick movement between gates.
• Minimal Time for Activities: Limited opportunity for eating or shopping.
• High Risk of Missed Connections: Tight schedules mean little room for delays. Suitability: Suitable for experienced travelers familiar with the airport layout and confident in their ability to move quickly.

2. Standard Layovers (1 to 3 Hours)

Definition: Layovers that last between 1 and 3 hours. Characteristics:

• Comfortable Connection Time: Enough time to move between gates and address any minor delays.
• Basic Amenities: Sufficient time for a meal, restroom break, or quick shopping.
• Lower Stress: Less rushed compared to short layovers. Suitability: Ideal for most travelers, providing a balance between efficient travel and comfort.

3. Extended Layovers (3 to 6 Hours)

Definition: Layovers that last between 3 and 6 hours. Characteristics:

• Relaxed Schedule: Ample time to move between gates and explore the airport.
• Use of Airport Facilities: Opportunity to use lounges, rest areas, or even airport spas.
• Exploration Potential: For some airports, there may be enough time to leave the airport for a brief city visit. Suitability: Suitable for travelers who prefer a relaxed pace and want to take advantage of airport amenities.

4. Long Layovers (6 to 12 Hours)

Definition: Layovers that last between 6 and 12 hours. Characteristics:

• Significant Free Time: Enough time to leave the airport and explore the layover city.
• Rest and Recovery: Possibility to rest in airport hotels or sleeping pods.
• Cultural Experience: Engage in local sightseeing, dining, or short tours. Suitability: Best for travelers looking to add a mini-vacation or cultural experience to their trip.

5. Overnight Layovers (12 to 24 Hours)

Definition: Layovers that last between 12 and 24 hours. Characteristics:

• Full Day in Layover City: Sufficient time to leave the airport, explore the city, and rest.
• Accommodation Needs: May require booking a hotel room for a comfortable overnight stay.
• Comprehensive Exploration: Opportunity for in-depth exploration of the layover city. Suitability: Suitable for travelers interested in an extended break or who want to thoroughly explore an additional destination.

Guide on Layovers that Necessitate Sleep and Sleep Suggestions

Layovers can vary significantly in duration and impact on a traveler’s rest needs. Understanding which layover types necessitate sleep and how to manage sleep during these layovers can greatly enhance your travel experience. Here’s an expert guide on different layover types that may require sleep and suggestions for each type.

Short Layovers (1 to 2 Hours)

• Sleep Necessity: Low
• Description: These layovers are primarily for quick connections between flights. There is typically not enough time to rest or sleep.

Suggestions:

• Stay Alert: Focus on navigating the airport efficiently to make your connection.
• Hydrate and Move: Use the time to hydrate and stretch your legs to prepare for the next flight segment.

Standard Layovers (2 to 4 Hours)

Sleep Necessity: Low to Moderate Description: These layovers provide a comfortable window to navigate between gates and potentially take a short nap.

Suggestions:

• Power Nap: Consider a short 20-30 minute nap if you’re feeling particularly tired. Use a travel pillow and eye mask to make it more comfortable.
• Relaxation Areas: Look for quiet areas or lounges where you can relax, even if sleep isn’t necessary.

Extended Layovers (4 to 6 Hours)

Sleep Necessity: Moderate Description: Layovers of this length often necessitate some form of rest, especially if you have had a long previous flight or an early start.

Suggestions:

• Airport Lounges: Access an airport lounge where you can find comfortable seating, quieter environments, and sometimes even nap rooms.
• Sleep Pods: Utilize sleep pods if available, which provide a private space to rest and recharge.
• Travel Kit: Have a travel kit ready with a blanket, neck pillow, and noise-canceling headphones to facilitate better rest.

Long Layovers (6 to 12 Hours)

Sleep Necessity: High Description: These layovers often span a significant portion of the day or night, making it essential to get some sleep.

Suggestions:

• Airport Hotels: Consider booking a room at an airport hotel, especially if the layover spans overnight hours. Even a few hours in a hotel room can make a big difference.
• Lounges with Sleeping Areas: Use lounges that offer dedicated sleeping areas or recliners designed for rest.
• Nap Rooms: Some airports offer nap rooms for hourly rentals, providing a quiet, private space to sleep.

Overnight Layovers (12 to 24 Hours)

Sleep Necessity: Very High Description: Overnight layovers almost always necessitate sleep, as they typically cover an entire night or a significant portion of it.

Suggestions:

• Hotel Stay: Book a nearby airport hotel. This provides the best opportunity for a good night’s sleep and may offer amenities like shuttle services, breakfast, and wake-up calls.
• Extended Lounge Access: Some lounges offer overnight access with facilities like showers, comfortable sleeping areas, and meals.
• Plan Ahead: Ensure you have confirmed accommodation either within the airport or nearby well before your travel date.

General Sleep Tips for Layovers

1. Plan Ahead: Research the layover airport to know what sleep facilities are available. Websites like Sleeping in Airports can provide useful insights.
2. Travel Comfort Kit: Carry essential items like a travel blanket, neck pillow, earplugs, and an eye mask.
3. Stay Informed: Keep an eye on flight updates to adjust your rest periods accordingly and avoid missing connections.
4. Hydration and Nutrition: Stay hydrated and eat light, nutritious snacks to avoid fatigue and improve the quality of your rest.

Wrapping Up

Different layover types necessitate varying levels of rest and sleep. By understanding the duration and nature of your layover, you can better plan how to manage your rest periods. Whether it’s a quick nap during a standard layover or a full night’s sleep during an overnight layover, these suggestions can help you make the most of your travel time and arrive at your destination feeling more refreshed.